机密虚拟机上的 vTPM 远程证明

1. 概览

机密虚拟机 (CVM) 是一种使用基于硬件的内存加密的 Compute Engine 虚拟机。这有助于确保您的数据和应用在使用期间无法被读取或修改。在本 Codelab 中,您将了解远程证明,它允许远程方验证 CVM 节点。此外,您还将探索 Cloud Logging 以进行进一步审核。

fcc043c716119bd6.png

如上图所示,本 Codelab 包含以下步骤:

  • CVM 设置和远程证明
  • 有关 CVM 远程证明的 Cloud Logging 探索
  • 秘密版本 Web 服务器设置

上图中的组件包括 go-tpm 工具和 Google Cloud 认证:

  • go-tpm 工具:这是一个开源工具,用于从 CVM 上的 vTPM(虚拟可信平台模块)提取证明证据,并将其发送到 Google Cloud Attestation 以获取证明令牌。
  • Google Cloud 认证:验证和验证收到的认证证据,并返回反映请求者 CVM 相关事实的认证令牌。

学习内容

  • 如何在 CVM 上通过机密计算 API 执行远程证明
  • 如何使用 Cloud Logging 监控 CVM 远程证明

所需条件

2. 设置和要求

如需启用必要的 API,请在 Cloud 控制台中或本地开发环境中运行以下命令:

gcloud auth login

gcloud services enable \
    cloudapis.googleapis.com \
    cloudshell.googleapis.com \
    confidentialcomputing.googleapis.com \
    compute.googleapis.com

3. 设置 CVM 和 vTPM 远程证明

在此步骤中,您将创建 CVM 并执行 vTPM 远程认证,以在 CVM 上检索认证令牌 (OIDC 令牌)。

前往 Cloud 控制台或本地开发环境。按照以下步骤创建 CVM(请参阅创建机密虚拟机实例 | Google Cloud)。您需要范围才能访问机密计算 API。

gcloud config set project <project-id>

gcloud compute instances create cvm-attestation-codelab \
    --machine-type=n2d-standard-2 \
    --min-cpu-platform="AMD Milan" \
    --zone=us-central1-c \
    --confidential-compute \
    --image=ubuntu-2204-jammy-v20240228 \
    --image-project=ubuntu-os-cloud \
    --scopes https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform

授权 CVM 默认服务账号访问 Confidential Computing API(CVM 需要以下权限才能从 Confidential Computing API 提取认证令牌):

1)。创建一个角色,以允许访问机密计算 API。

gcloud iam roles create Confidential_Computing_User --project=<project-id> \
    --title="CVM User" --description="Grants the ability to generate an attestation token in a CVM." \
 --permissions="confidentialcomputing.challenges.create,confidentialcomputing.challenges.verify,confidentialcomputing.locations.get,confidentialcomputing.locations.list" --stage=GA

替换以下内容:

  • project-id 是项目的唯一标识符。

2). 将虚拟机默认服务账号添加到该角色。

gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding <project-id> \
    --member serviceAccount:$(gcloud iam service-accounts list --filter="email ~ compute@developer.gserviceaccount.com$" --format='value(email)'
) \
    --role "projects/<project-id>/roles/Confidential_Computing_User"

替换以下内容:

  • project-id 是项目的唯一标识符。

3). 连接到 CVM 并设置 go-tpm 工具二进制文件,以从 Google Cloud Attestation 提供的机密计算 API 中提取证明令牌。

  1. 连接到 CVM。
gcloud compute ssh --zone us-central1-c cvm-attestation-codelab
  1. 设置 Go 环境:
wget https://go.dev/dl/go1.22.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
sudo tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.22.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin
  1. 构建 go-tpm 工具二进制文件。go-tpm 工具二进制文件会从 CVM 上的 vTPM 提取认证证据,并将其发送到 Google Cloud Attestation 以获取认证令牌。
git clone https://github.com/google/go-tpm-tools.git --depth 1
cd go-tpm-tools/cmd/gotpm/
go build
  1. go-tpm 工具命令会从 vTPM 中提取 CVM 的认证证据,并将其发送到 Google Cloud Attestation。Google Cloud Attestation 会验证和验证证明,并返回证明令牌。该命令会创建一个包含 attestation-token 的 attestation_token 文件。您稍后将使用 attestation-token 提取密钥。您可以在 jwt.io 中解码认证令牌以查看声明。
sudo ./gotpm token > attestation_token
  1. (可选)除了使用 go-tpm 工具和 Google Cloud Attestation 执行远程证明之外,我们还展示了用于提取 vTPM 证明证据的命令。这样,您就可以创建 Google Cloud Attestation 等服务,以验证和验证认证证据:
nonce=$(head -c 16 /dev/urandom | xxd -p)
sudo ./gotpm attest --nonce $nonce --format textproto --output quote.dat
sudo ./gotpm verify debug --nonce $nonce --format textproto --input quote.dat --output vtpm_report

vtpm_report 包含经过验证的日志。您可以使用自己偏好的编辑器查看该文件。请注意,验证命令不会检查报价的认证密钥证书。

4. 启用 Cloud Logging 并浏览远程证明日志

您可以在 cvm-attestation-codelab CVM 中运行以下命令。这次,它会在 Cloud Logging 中记录活动。

sudo ./gotpm token --cloud-log --audience "https://api.cvm-attestation-codelab.com"

在 Cloud 控制台或本地开发环境中获取 cvm-attestation-codelab <instance-id>

gcloud compute instances describe cvm-attestation-codelab --zone us-central1-c --format='value(id)'

如需探索 Cloud Logging,请打开以下网址:https://console.cloud.google.com/logs。在查询字段中,输入以下内容:

resource.type="gce_instance" resource.labels.zone="us-central1-c" resource.labels.instance_id=<instance-id> log_name="projects/<project-id>/logs/gotpm" severity>=DEFAULT

替换以下内容:

  • project-id 是项目的唯一标识符。
  • instance-id 是实例的唯一标识符。

您应该能够找到发送到 Google Cloud Attestation 的认证令牌、其声明、原始证据和 Nonce。

5. 设置 Secret Release Web 服务器

在此步骤中,您需要退出之前的 SSH 会话并设置另一个虚拟机。在此虚拟机上,您将设置一个 Secret 版本 Web 服务器。网络服务器会验证收到的认证令牌及其声明。如果验证成功,则将密钥释放给请求者。

1)。前往 Cloud 控制台或本地开发环境。创建虚拟机。

gcloud config set project <project-id>

gcloud compute instances create cvm-attestation-codelab-web-server \
    --machine-type=n2d-standard-2 \
    --zone=us-central1-c \
    --image=ubuntu-2204-jammy-v20240228 \
    --image-project=ubuntu-os-cloud

替换以下内容:

  • project-id 是项目的唯一标识符。

2). 通过 SSH 连接到新虚拟机。

gcloud compute ssh --zone us-central1-c cvm-attestation-codelab-web-server

3). 设置 Go 环境。

wget https://go.dev/dl/go1.22.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
sudo tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.22.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin

4)即可。创建以下两个文件以存储 Secret 版本网站服务器的源代码(使用 nano 复制/粘贴)。

main.go

package main

import (
        "fmt"
        "net/http"
        "strings"
        "time"
        "log"

        "github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
)

const (
        theSecret = "This is the super secret information!"
)

func homePage(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        tokenString := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
        if tokenString != "" {
                tokenString, err := extractToken(tokenString)
                if err != nil {
                        http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusUnauthorized)
                }

                tokenBytes := []byte(tokenString)
                // A method to return a public key from the well-known endpoint
                keyFunc := getRSAPublicKeyFromJWKsFile

                token, err := decodeAndValidateToken(tokenBytes, keyFunc)
                if err != nil {
                        http.Error(w, "Invalid JWT Token", http.StatusUnauthorized)
                }

                if ok, err := isValid(token.Claims.(jwt.MapClaims)); ok {
                        fmt.Fprintln(w, theSecret)
                } else {
                        if err != nil {
                                http.Error(w, "Error validating JWT claims: "+err.Error(), http.StatusUnauthorized)
                        } else {
                                http.Error(w, "Invalid JWT token Claims", http.StatusUnauthorized)
                        }
                }
        } else {
                http.Error(w, "Authorization token required", http.StatusUnauthorized)
        }
}

func extractToken(tokenString string) (string, error) {
        if strings.HasPrefix(tokenString, "Bearer ") {
                return strings.TrimPrefix(tokenString, "Bearer "), nil
        }
        return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid token format")
}

func isValid(claims jwt.MapClaims) (bool, error) {
        // 1. Evaluating Standard Claims:
        subject, ok := claims["sub"].(string)
        if !ok {
                return false, fmt.Errorf("missing or invalid 'sub' claim")
        }
        fmt.Println("Subject:", subject)
        // e.g. "sub":"https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/<project_id>/zones/<project_zone>/instances/<instance_name>"

        issuedAt, ok := claims["iat"].(float64)
        if !ok {
                return false, fmt.Errorf("missing or invalid 'iat' claim")
        }
        fmt.Println("Issued At:", time.Unix(int64(issuedAt), 0))

        // 2. Evaluating Remote Attestation Claims:
        hwModel, ok := claims["hwmodel"].(string)
        if !ok || hwModel != "GCP_AMD_SEV" {
                return false, fmt.Errorf("missing or invalid 'hwModel'")
        }
        fmt.Println("hwmodel:", hwModel)

        swName, ok := claims["swname"].(string)
        if !ok || swName != "GCE" {
                return false, fmt.Errorf("missing or invalid 'hwModel'")
        }
        fmt.Println("swname:", swName)

        return true, nil
}

func main() {
        http.HandleFunc("/", homePage)
        fmt.Println("Server listening on :8080")
        err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
        if err != nil {
                log.Fatalf("Server failed to start: %v", err)
        }
}

helper.go

package main

import (
        "crypto/rsa"
        "encoding/base64"
        "encoding/json"
        "errors"
        "fmt"
        "io"
        "math/big"
        "net/http"

        "github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
)

const (
        socketPath     = "/run/container_launcher/teeserver.sock"
        expectedIssuer = "https://confidentialcomputing.googleapis.com"
        wellKnownPath  = "/.well-known/openid-configuration"
)

type jwksFile struct {
        Keys []jwk `json:"keys"`
}

type jwk struct {
        N   string `json:"n"`   // "nMMTBwJ7H6Id8zUCZd-L7uoNyz9b7lvoyse9izD9l2rtOhWLWbiG-7pKeYJyHeEpilHP4KdQMfUo8JCwhd-OMW0be_XtEu3jXEFjuq2YnPSPFk326eTfENtUc6qJohyMnfKkcOcY_kTE11jM81-fsqtBKjO_KiSkcmAO4wJJb8pHOjue3JCP09ZANL1uN4TuxbM2ibcyf25ODt3WQn54SRQTV0wn098Y5VDU-dzyeKYBNfL14iP0LiXBRfHd4YtEaGV9SBUuVhXdhx1eF0efztCNNz0GSLS2AEPLQduVuFoUImP4s51YdO9TPeeQ3hI8aGpOdC0syxmZ7LsL0rHE1Q",
        E   string `json:"e"`   // "AQAB" or 65537 as an int
        Kid string `json:"kid"` // "1f12fa916c3a0ef585894b4b420ad17dc9d6cdf5",

        // Unused fields:
        // Alg string `json:"alg"` // "RS256",
        // Kty string `json:"kty"` // "RSA",
        // Use string `json:"use"` // "sig",
}

type wellKnown struct {
        JwksURI string `json:"jwks_uri"` // "https://www.googleapis.com/service_accounts/v1/metadata/jwk/signer@confidentialspace-sign.iam.gserviceaccount.com"

        // Unused fields:
        // Iss                                   string `json:"issuer"`                                // "https://confidentialcomputing.googleapis.com"
        // Subject_types_supported               string `json:"subject_types_supported"`               // [ "public" ]
        // Response_types_supported              string `json:"response_types_supported"`              // [ "id_token" ]
        // Claims_supported                      string `json:"claims_supported"`                      // [ "sub", "aud", "exp", "iat", "iss", "jti", "nbf", "dbgstat", "eat_nonce", "google_service_accounts", "hwmodel", "oemid", "secboot", "submods", "swname", "swversion" ]
        // Id_token_signing_alg_values_supported string `json:"id_token_signing_alg_values_supported"` // [ "RS256" ]
        // Scopes_supported                      string `json:"scopes_supported"`                      // [ "openid" ]
}

func getWellKnownFile() (wellKnown, error) {
        httpClient := http.Client{}
        resp, err := httpClient.Get(expectedIssuer + wellKnownPath)
        if err != nil {
                return wellKnown{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get raw .well-known response: %w", err)
        }

        wellKnownJSON, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
        if err != nil {
                return wellKnown{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to read .well-known response: %w", err)
        }

        wk := wellKnown{}
        json.Unmarshal(wellKnownJSON, &wk)
        return wk, nil
}

func getJWKFile() (jwksFile, error) {
        wk, err := getWellKnownFile()
        if err != nil {
                return jwksFile{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get .well-known json: %w", err)
        }

        // Get JWK URI from .wellknown
        uri := wk.JwksURI
        fmt.Printf("jwks URI: %v\n", uri)

        httpClient := http.Client{}
        resp, err := httpClient.Get(uri)
        if err != nil {
                return jwksFile{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get raw JWK response: %w", err)
        }

        jwkbytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
        if err != nil {
                return jwksFile{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to read JWK body: %w", err)
        }

        file := jwksFile{}
        err = json.Unmarshal(jwkbytes, &file)
        if err != nil {
                return jwksFile{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshall JWK content: %w", err)
        }

        return file, nil
}

// N and E are 'base64urlUInt' encoded: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-6.3
func base64urlUIntDecode(s string) (*big.Int, error) {
        b, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(s)
        if err != nil {
                return nil, err
        }
        z := new(big.Int)
        z.SetBytes(b)
        return z, nil
}

func getRSAPublicKeyFromJWKsFile(t *jwt.Token) (any, error) {
        keysfile, err := getJWKFile()
        if err != nil {
                return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch the JWK file: %w", err)
        }

        // Multiple keys are present in this endpoint to allow for key rotation.
        // This method finds the key that was used for signing to pass to the validator.
        kid := t.Header["kid"]
        for _, key := range keysfile.Keys {
                if key.Kid != kid {
                        continue // Select the key used for signing
                }

                n, err := base64urlUIntDecode(key.N)
                if err != nil {
                        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode key.N %w", err)
                }
                e, err := base64urlUIntDecode(key.E)
                if err != nil {
                        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode key.E %w", err)
                }

                // The parser expects an rsa.PublicKey: https://github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/blob/main/rsa.go#L53
                // or an array of keys. We chose to show passing a single key in this example as its possible
                // not all validators accept multiple keys for validation.
                return &rsa.PublicKey{
                        N: n,
                        E: int(e.Int64()),
                }, nil
        }

        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to find key with kid '%v' from well-known endpoint", kid)
}

func decodeAndValidateToken(tokenBytes []byte, keyFunc func(t *jwt.Token) (any, error)) (*jwt.Token, error) {
        var err error
        fmt.Println("Unmarshalling token and checking its validity...")
        token, err := jwt.NewParser().Parse(string(tokenBytes), keyFunc)

        fmt.Printf("Token valid: %v\n", token.Valid)
        if token.Valid {
                return token, nil
        }
        if ve, ok := err.(*jwt.ValidationError); ok {
                if ve.Errors&jwt.ValidationErrorMalformed != 0 {
                        return nil, fmt.Errorf("token format invalid. Please contact the Confidential Space team for assistance")
                }
                if ve.Errors&(jwt.ValidationErrorNotValidYet) != 0 {
                        // If device time is not synchronized with the Attestation Service you may need to account for that here.
                        return nil, errors.New("token is not active yet")
                }
                if ve.Errors&(jwt.ValidationErrorExpired) != 0 {
                        return nil, fmt.Errorf("token is expired")
                }
                return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown validation error: %v", err)
        }

        return nil, fmt.Errorf("couldn't handle this token or couldn't read a validation error: %v", err)
}

5). 运行以下命令以构建并运行 Web 服务器。这会在 :8080 端口启动 Secret Release Web 服务器。

go mod init google.com/codelab
go mod tidy
go get github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4
go build
./codelab

问题排查:运行 go mod tidy: 时,您可能会看到以下警告,可以将其忽略

go: finding module for package github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4
go: downloading github.com/golang-jwt/jwt v3.2.2+incompatible
go: downloading github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.0
go: found github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 in github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.0
go: google.com/codelab/go/pkg/mod/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt@v3.2.2+incompatible: import path "google.com/codelab/go/pkg/mod/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt@v3.2.2+incompatible" should not have @version
go: google.com/codelab/go/pkg/mod/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt@v3.2.2+incompatible/cmd/jwt: import path "google.com/codelab/go/pkg/mod/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt@v3.2.2+incompatible/cmd/jwt" should not have @version
go: google.com/codelab/go/pkg/mod/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt@v3.2.2+incompatible/request: import path "google.com/codelab/go/pkg/mod/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt@v3.2.2+incompatible/request" should not have @version
go: google.com/codelab/go/pkg/mod/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt@v3.2.2+incompatible/test: import path "google.com/codelab/go/pkg/mod/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt@v3.2.2+incompatible/test" should not have @version

6). 现在,启动另一个 Cloud 控制台标签页或本地开发环境会话,然后运行以下命令。这样您就可以获得 <cvm-attestation-codelab-web-server-internal-ip>。

gcloud compute instances describe cvm-attestation-codelab-web-server --format='get(networkInterfaces[0].networkIP)' --zone=us-central1-c

7). 通过 SSH 连接到 cvm-attestation-codelab 虚拟机实例。

gcloud compute ssh --zone "us-central1-c" "cvm-attestation-codelab"

8). 以下命令会替换之前获取的 attestation-token(在 ~/go-tpm-tools/cmd/gotpm/ 下)。这将为您提取密钥版本 Web 服务器持有的密钥!

cd ~/go-tpm-tools/cmd/gotpm/
curl http://<cvm-attestation-codelab-web-server-internal-ip>:8080 -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ./attestation_token)"

替换以下内容:

  • cvm-attestation-codelab-web-server-internal-ip 是 cvm-attestation-codelab-web-server 虚拟机实例的内部 IP 地址。

您会在屏幕上看到“This is the super secret information!”

如果您输入的 attestation-token 不正确或已过期,您会看到“curl: (52) Empty reply from server”。您还会在 cvm-attestation-codelab-web-server 虚拟机实例的 Secret 版本 Web 服务器日志中看到“Token valid: false”。

6. 清理

在 Cloud 控制台或本地开发环境中运行以下命令:

# Delete the role binding
gcloud projects remove-iam-policy-binding <project-id> \
    --member serviceAccount:$(gcloud iam service-accounts list --filter="email ~ compute@developer.gserviceaccount.com$" --format='value(email)'
) \
    --role "projects/<project-id>/roles/Confidential_Computing_User"

# Delete the role
gcloud iam roles delete Confidential_Computing_User --project=<project-id>

# Delete the web server VM instance
gcloud compute instances delete cvm-attestation-codelab-web-server --zone=us-central1-c

# Delete the CVM instance
gcloud compute instances delete cvm-attestation-codelab --zone=us-central1-c

替换以下内容:

  • project-id 是项目的唯一标识符。

7. 后续步骤

详细了解机密虚拟机和 Compute Engine