1. 簡介
在本程式碼研究室中，您將使用 gRPC 建立用戶端和伺服器，做為以 Go 編寫的路線對應應用程式基礎。
完成本教學課程後，您將擁有一個簡單的 gRPC HelloWorld 應用程式，並透過 gRPC OpenTelemetry 外掛程式進行檢測，還能在 Prometheus 中查看匯出的可觀測性指標。
課程內容
- 如何為現有的 gRPC Go 應用程式設定 OpenTelemetry 外掛程式
- 執行本機 Prometheus 執行個體
- 將指標匯出至 Prometheus
- 從 Prometheus 資訊主頁查看指標
2. 事前準備
軟硬體需求
gitcurlGoGo 最新兩個主要版本的其中一個。protocv3
設定前置條件：
sudo apt-get update -y
sudo apt-get upgrade -y
sudo apt-get install -y git curl
go install google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go@latest
go install google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc@latest
取得程式碼
為簡化學習過程，本程式碼研究室提供預先建構的原始碼架構，協助您踏出第一步。下列步驟將引導您在應用程式中檢測 gRPC OpenTelemetry 外掛程式。
grpc-codelabs
本程式碼研究室的架構原始碼位於這個 GitHub 目錄。如果您不想自行導入程式碼，可以前往「completed」目錄查看已完成的原始碼。
首先，請複製 grpc Codelab 存放區，然後 cd 到 grpc-go-opentelemetry 資料夾：
git clone https://github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-codelabs.git
cd grpc-codelabs/codelabs/grpc-go-opentelemetry/
您也可以下載只包含 Codelab 目錄的 .zip 檔案，然後手動解壓縮。
3. 註冊 OpenTelemetry 外掛程式
我們需要 gRPC 應用程式來新增 gRPC OpenTelemetry 外掛程式。在本程式碼研究室中，我們將使用簡單的 gRPC HelloWorld 用戶端和伺服器，並透過 gRPC OpenTelemetry 外掛程式進行檢測。
在用戶端設定檢測
首先，請在用戶端中註冊已設定 Prometheus 匯出器的 OpenTelemetry 外掛程式。使用您慣用的編輯器開啟 codelabs/grpc-go-opentelemetry/start_here/client/main.go，然後轉換 main()，加入程式碼來設定 gRPC Go Otel 外掛程式。
建立新的 Prometheus 匯出工具
下列程式碼片段會建立新的 Prometheus 匯出工具
exporter, err := prometheus.New()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Failed to start prometheus exporter: %v", err)
}
啟動 Prometheus 匯出工具
啟動新的 goroutine，使用 net/http 在 prometheus_endpoint 旗標傳入的位址接聽及提供服務
go http.ListenAndServe(*prometheusEndpoint, promhttp.Handler())
使用 OpenTelemetry 外掛程式建立 DialOption
使用 gRPC Otel DialOption 方法，透過 Prometheus Meter Provider 設定 DialOption
provider := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(exporter))
do := opentelemetry.DialOption(opentelemetry.Options{MetricsOptions: opentelemetry.MetricsOptions{MeterProvider: provider}})
連線至伺服器時傳遞 DialOption
將 do 傳遞至 gRPC.NewClient
這個 MeterProvider 會提供給 gRPC 的 OpenTelemetry 外掛程式做為設定。OpenTelemetry 外掛程式完成全域註冊後，所有 gRPC 用戶端和伺服器都會透過 OpenTelemetry 進行檢測。
在伺服器上設定檢測
同樣地，我們也將 OpenTelemetry 外掛程式新增至伺服器。開啟 codelabs/grpc-go-opentelemetry/start_here/server/main.go 並編寫程式碼，設定 gRPC Go Otel 外掛程式
建立新的 Prometheus 匯出工具
exporter, err := prometheus.New()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Failed to start prometheus exporter: %v", err)
}
使用 Prometheus 匯出工具建立新的電錶供應商
provider := metric.NewMeterProvider(metric.WithReader(exporter))
go http.ListenAndServe(*prometheusEndpoint, promhttp.Handler())
so := opentelemetry.ServerOption(opentelemetry.Options{MetricsOptions: opentelemetry.MetricsOptions{MeterProvider: provider}})
將這個伺服器選項傳遞至 gRPC.NewServer
4. 執行範例並查看指標
如要執行伺服器，請執行下列指令：
cd server
go mod tidy
go run .
設定成功後，伺服器會顯示下列輸出內容：
Serving on :50051
伺服器執行期間，在另一個終端機中執行用戶端：
cd client
go mod tidy
go run .
成功執行的結果如下所示：
message:"this is examples/opentelemetry (from :50051)"
message:"this is examples/opentelemetry (from :50051)"
message:"this is examples/opentelemetry (from :50051)"
我們已設定 gRPC OpenTelemetry 外掛程式，使用 Prometheus 匯出指標。這些指標會顯示在伺服器的 localhost:9464 和用戶端的 localhost:9465。
如要查看用戶端指標，請按照下列步驟操作：
curl localhost:9465/metrics
結果會採用以下形式：
# HELP go_gc_duration_seconds A summary of the wall-time pause (stop-the-world) duration in garbage collection cycles.
# TYPE go_gc_duration_seconds summary
go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="0"} 0
go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="0.25"} 0
go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="0.5"} 0
go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="0.75"} 0
go_gc_duration_seconds{quantile="1"} 0
go_gc_duration_seconds_sum 0
go_gc_duration_seconds_count 0
# HELP go_gc_gogc_percent Heap size target percentage configured by the user, otherwise 100. This value is set by the GOGC environment variable, and the runtime/debug.SetGCPercent function. Sourced from /gc/gogc:percent
# TYPE go_gc_gogc_percent gauge
go_gc_gogc_percent 100
# HELP go_gc_gomemlimit_bytes Go runtime memory limit configured by the user, otherwise math.MaxInt64. This value is set by the GOMEMLIMIT environment variable, and the runtime/debug.SetMemoryLimit function. Sourced from /gc/gomemlimit:bytes
# TYPE go_gc_gomemlimit_bytes gauge
go_gc_gomemlimit_bytes 9.223372036854776e+18
# HELP go_goroutines Number of goroutines that currently exist.
# TYPE go_goroutines gauge
go_goroutines 14
# HELP go_info Information about the Go environment.
# TYPE go_info gauge
go_info{version="go1.22.1"} 1
# HELP go_memstats_alloc_bytes Number of bytes allocated in heap and currently in use. Equals to /memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_alloc_bytes gauge
go_memstats_alloc_bytes 662176
# HELP go_memstats_alloc_bytes_total Total number of bytes allocated in heap until now, even if released already. Equals to /gc/heap/allocs:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_alloc_bytes_total counter
go_memstats_alloc_bytes_total 662176
# HELP go_memstats_buck_hash_sys_bytes Number of bytes used by the profiling bucket hash table. Equals to /memory/classes/profiling/buckets:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_buck_hash_sys_bytes gauge
go_memstats_buck_hash_sys_bytes 8739
# HELP go_memstats_frees_total Total number of heap objects frees. Equals to /gc/heap/frees:objects + /gc/heap/tiny/allocs:objects.
# TYPE go_memstats_frees_total counter
go_memstats_frees_total 0
# HELP go_memstats_gc_sys_bytes Number of bytes used for garbage collection system metadata. Equals to /memory/classes/metadata/other:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_gc_sys_bytes gauge
go_memstats_gc_sys_bytes 1.554232e+06
# HELP go_memstats_heap_alloc_bytes Number of heap bytes allocated and currently in use, same as go_memstats_alloc_bytes. Equals to /memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_heap_alloc_bytes gauge
go_memstats_heap_alloc_bytes 662176
# HELP go_memstats_heap_idle_bytes Number of heap bytes waiting to be used. Equals to /memory/classes/heap/released:bytes + /memory/classes/heap/free:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_heap_idle_bytes gauge
go_memstats_heap_idle_bytes 4.75136e+06
# HELP go_memstats_heap_inuse_bytes Number of heap bytes that are in use. Equals to /memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes + /memory/classes/heap/unused:bytes
# TYPE go_memstats_heap_inuse_bytes gauge
go_memstats_heap_inuse_bytes 2.981888e+06
# HELP go_memstats_heap_objects Number of currently allocated objects. Equals to /gc/heap/objects:objects.
# TYPE go_memstats_heap_objects gauge
go_memstats_heap_objects 4022
# HELP go_memstats_heap_released_bytes Number of heap bytes released to OS. Equals to /memory/classes/heap/released:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_heap_released_bytes gauge
go_memstats_heap_released_bytes 4.75136e+06
# HELP go_memstats_heap_sys_bytes Number of heap bytes obtained from system. Equals to /memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes + /memory/classes/heap/unused:bytes + /memory/classes/heap/released:bytes + /memory/classes/heap/free:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_heap_sys_bytes gauge
go_memstats_heap_sys_bytes 7.733248e+06
# HELP go_memstats_last_gc_time_seconds Number of seconds since 1970 of last garbage collection.
# TYPE go_memstats_last_gc_time_seconds gauge
go_memstats_last_gc_time_seconds 0
# HELP go_memstats_mallocs_total Total number of heap objects allocated, both live and gc-ed. Semantically a counter version for go_memstats_heap_objects gauge. Equals to /gc/heap/allocs:objects + /gc/heap/tiny/allocs:objects.
# TYPE go_memstats_mallocs_total counter
go_memstats_mallocs_total 4022
# HELP go_memstats_mcache_inuse_bytes Number of bytes in use by mcache structures. Equals to /memory/classes/metadata/mcache/inuse:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_mcache_inuse_bytes gauge
go_memstats_mcache_inuse_bytes 9600
# HELP go_memstats_mcache_sys_bytes Number of bytes used for mcache structures obtained from system. Equals to /memory/classes/metadata/mcache/inuse:bytes + /memory/classes/metadata/mcache/free:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_mcache_sys_bytes gauge
go_memstats_mcache_sys_bytes 15600
# HELP go_memstats_mspan_inuse_bytes Number of bytes in use by mspan structures. Equals to /memory/classes/metadata/mspan/inuse:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_mspan_inuse_bytes gauge
go_memstats_mspan_inuse_bytes 65440
# HELP go_memstats_mspan_sys_bytes Number of bytes used for mspan structures obtained from system. Equals to /memory/classes/metadata/mspan/inuse:bytes + /memory/classes/metadata/mspan/free:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_mspan_sys_bytes gauge
go_memstats_mspan_sys_bytes 81600
# HELP go_memstats_next_gc_bytes Number of heap bytes when next garbage collection will take place. Equals to /gc/heap/goal:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_next_gc_bytes gauge
go_memstats_next_gc_bytes 4.194304e+06
# HELP go_memstats_other_sys_bytes Number of bytes used for other system allocations. Equals to /memory/classes/other:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_other_sys_bytes gauge
go_memstats_other_sys_bytes 1.111813e+06
# HELP go_memstats_stack_inuse_bytes Number of bytes obtained from system for stack allocator in non-CGO environments. Equals to /memory/classes/heap/stacks:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_stack_inuse_bytes gauge
go_memstats_stack_inuse_bytes 655360
# HELP go_memstats_stack_sys_bytes Number of bytes obtained from system for stack allocator. Equals to /memory/classes/heap/stacks:bytes + /memory/classes/os-stacks:bytes.
# TYPE go_memstats_stack_sys_bytes gauge
go_memstats_stack_sys_bytes 655360
# HELP go_memstats_sys_bytes Number of bytes obtained from system. Equals to /memory/classes/total:byte.
# TYPE go_memstats_sys_bytes gauge
go_memstats_sys_bytes 1.1160592e+07
# HELP go_sched_gomaxprocs_threads The current runtime.GOMAXPROCS setting, or the number of operating system threads that can execute user-level Go code simultaneously. Sourced from /sched/gomaxprocs:threads
# TYPE go_sched_gomaxprocs_threads gauge
go_sched_gomaxprocs_threads 8
# HELP go_threads Number of OS threads created.
# TYPE go_threads gauge
go_threads 8
# HELP grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds End-to-end time taken to complete a client call attempt.
# TYPE grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds histogram
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1e-05"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="5e-05"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.0001"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.0003"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.0006"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.0008"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.001"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.002"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.003"} 0
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grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.008"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.01"} 0
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grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.03"} 0
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grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.8"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="2"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="5"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="10"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="20"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="50"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="100"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="+Inf"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_sum{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 52.09275054499999
grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_count{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 26
# HELP grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes Compressed message bytes received per call attempt.
# TYPE grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes histogram
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1024"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="2048"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="4096"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="16384"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="65536"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="262144"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1.048576e+06"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="4.194304e+06"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1.6777216e+07"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="6.7108864e+07"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="2.68435456e+08"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1.073741824e+09"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="4.294967296e+09"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="+Inf"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_sum{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 1196
grpc_client_attempt_rcvd_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_count{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 26
# HELP grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes Compressed message bytes sent per client call attempt.
# TYPE grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes histogram
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0"} 0
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1024"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="2048"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="4096"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="16384"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="65536"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="262144"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1.048576e+06"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="4.194304e+06"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1.6777216e+07"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="6.7108864e+07"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="2.68435456e+08"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1.073741824e+09"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="4.294967296e+09"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="+Inf"} 26
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_sum{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 832
grpc_client_attempt_sent_total_compressed_message_size_bytes_count{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 26
# HELP grpc_client_attempt_started_total Number of client call attempts started.
# TYPE grpc_client_attempt_started_total counter
grpc_client_attempt_started_total{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 27
# HELP grpc_client_call_duration_seconds Time taken by gRPC to complete an RPC from application's perspective.
# TYPE grpc_client_call_duration_seconds histogram
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1e-05"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="5e-05"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.0001"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.0003"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.0006"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.0008"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.001"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.002"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.003"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.004"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.005"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.006"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.008"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.01"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.013"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.016"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.02"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.025"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.03"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.04"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.05"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.065"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.08"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.1"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.13"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.16"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.2"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.25"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.3"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.4"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.5"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.65"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="0.8"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="1"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="2"} 0
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="5"} 26
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="10"} 26
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="20"} 26
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="50"} 26
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="100"} 26
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_bucket{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev",le="+Inf"} 26
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_sum{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 52.35282954500001
grpc_client_call_duration_seconds_count{grpc_method="grpc.examples.echo.Echo/UnaryEcho",grpc_status="OK",grpc_target="dns:///:50051",otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 26
# HELP otel_scope_info Instrumentation Scope metadata
# TYPE otel_scope_info gauge
otel_scope_info{otel_scope_name="grpc-go",otel_scope_version="1.67.0-dev"} 1
# HELP promhttp_metric_handler_requests_in_flight Current number of scrapes being served.
# TYPE promhttp_metric_handler_requests_in_flight gauge
promhttp_metric_handler_requests_in_flight 1
# HELP promhttp_metric_handler_requests_total Total number of scrapes by HTTP status code.
# TYPE promhttp_metric_handler_requests_total counter
promhttp_metric_handler_requests_total{code="200"} 1
promhttp_metric_handler_requests_total{code="500"} 0
promhttp_metric_handler_requests_total{code="503"} 0
# HELP target_info Target metadata
# TYPE target_info gauge
target_info{service_name="unknown_service:client",telemetry_sdk_language="go",telemetry_sdk_name="opentelemetry",telemetry_sdk_version="1.28.0"} 1
同樣地，伺服器端指標的計算方式如下：
curl localhost:9464/metrics
5. 在 Prometheus 上查看指標
在這裡，我們將設定 Prometheus 執行個體，用於擷取匯出 Prometheus 指標的 gRPC 範例用戶端和伺服器。
下載適用於您平台的最新版 Prometheus，然後解壓縮並執行：
tar xvfz prometheus-*.tar.gz
cd prometheus-*
建立 Prometheus 設定檔，並加入下列內容：
cat > grpc_otel_go_prometheus.yml <<EOF
scrape_configs:
- job_name: "prometheus"
scrape_interval: 5s
static_configs:
- targets: ["localhost:9090"]
- job_name: "grpc-otel-go"
scrape_interval: 5s
static_configs:
- targets: ["localhost:9464", "localhost:9465"]
EOF
使用新設定啟動 Prometheus：
./prometheus --config.file=grpc_otel_go_prometheus.yml
這會設定每 5 秒擷取一次用戶端和伺服器 Codelab 程序中的指標。
前往 http://localhost:9090/graph 查看指標。例如，查詢 -
histogram_quantile(0.5, rate(grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket[1m]))
會顯示圖表，其中以 1 分鐘做為分位數計算的時間視窗，顯示嘗試延遲時間中位數。
查詢率 -
increase(grpc_client_attempt_duration_seconds_bucket[1m])
6. (選用) 使用者練習
在 Prometheus 資訊主頁中，您會發現 QPS 偏低。看看您是否能在範例中找出限制 QPS 的可疑程式碼。
對於熱衷於此的開發人員，用戶端程式碼會限制在特定時間點只能有一個待處理的 RPC。您可以修改這項設定，讓用戶端傳送更多 RPC，而不必等待先前的 RPC 完成。(這項問題的解決方案尚未提供)。