1. Introduction
An interactive demo and codelab for learning about how to achieve instant navigations through prerendering using the Speculation Rules API.
The codelab is estimated to take 30 minutes to complete and you can track the remaining time at the top of the screen.
Prerequisites
- Beginner's knowledge of HTML and JavaScript.
What you learn
- How to add speculative loading to a website.
- How to debug speculation issues using Chrome DevTools.
What you need
- Chrome 123 or later.
- Ability to run or publish a website (the example uses Glitch, but any similar service or a locally run web server will do).
Ready? Let's get started then!
2. Set up your environment
Your first step in this demo is create a test site on Glitch with 3 pages:
- Page 1 is the home page, with links to Page 2 and Page 3.
- Page 2 with a blocking script to simulate a slow loading page. You'll also log the Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) time to the console as a measure of the loading time of the page.
- Page 3 is a near copy of page 2 but this time with an image LCP, so the demo will have two links.
If you have your own demo site you want to work on instead, then feel free to do the equivalent steps on that.
To use Glitch, you'll need to have a Glitch account. You can also serve these pages from a local development server, or use another platform/service if you're familiar with how to do that (those options are not covered here).
Create the website by remixing the Glitch Basic website.
This should give you the basic site:
Glitch gives your project a random name (open-chalk-asparagus.glitch.me in this example), and you can view that project at the project name as a subdomain on glitch.me. In this example, it's at https://open-chalk-asparagus.glitch.me/.
You can select and add new files on the list on the left, and edit the contents on the right. Clicking the preview button in the bottom allows you to preview in a side pane, or in a new window.
You now have your environment set up, and can move on to the next step to set up your demo site.
3. Create the demo site
Replace the contents of the index.html file to set up a basic page with a couple of links:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="icon" href="data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 100 100%22><text y=%22.9em%22 font-size=%2290%22>🚀</text></svg>">
<title>Instant Loading Demo!</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Instant Loading Demo!</h1>
<p>This is a demo of the Speculation Rules API.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="./page2.html">Page 2</a></li>
<li><a href="./page3.html">Page 3</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
Create the page2.html page in your glitch by clicking on the Files + button on the left, typing in page2.html, and clicking Add this file.
Copy and paste the following content into page2.html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="icon" href="data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 100 100%22><text y=%22.9em%22 font-size=%2290%22>🚀</text></svg>">
<title>Page 2</title>
<!-- Load script as a classic script to allow it to be blocking -->
<script src="./script.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is page 2</h1>
<h2>This is a demo of the Speculation Rules API.</h2>
<button onclick="history.back();">Go back</button>
</body>
</html>
And a page3.html with the following contents (this is pretty much identical to page 2, but we've added an image to it):
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="icon" href="data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 100 100%22><text y=%22.9em%22 font-size=%2290%22>🚀</text></svg>">
<title>Page 3</title>
<!-- Load script as a classic script to allow it to be blocking -->
<script src="./script.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is page 3</h1>
<p>This is a demo of the Speculation Rules API.</p>
<button onclick="history.back();">Go back</button>
<img src="./image.svg" alt="LCP image">
</body>
</html>
Page 3 refers to an image.svg file so let's create that with the following contents:
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Both the pages load a script.js resource, which is created by default by Glitch so replace the contents of that file with the following:
function blockPause(milliseconds) {
const start = performance.now();
let lastCheck = start;
let lastTime = 0;
// Synchronous blocking is NOT best practice at all, but is what we want here
// Don't do this on your real site please!
while(performance.now() - start < milliseconds) {
// Log once a second
lastTime = performance.now() - lastCheck
if (lastTime >= 1000) {
console.log(`Still blocking ${Math.round(performance.now() - start, 0)} ms out of ${milliseconds} ms`);
lastCheck = performance.now();
}
}
}
// Load web-vitals.js and log LCP updates to console
var script = document.createElement('script');
script.src = 'https://unpkg.com/web-vitals@4/dist/web-vitals.attribution.iife.js';
script.onload = function () {
window.webVitals.onLCP(({value}) => {
console.log(`LCP time: ${Math.round(value)} ms`);
}, {reportAllChanges: true});
};
document.head.appendChild(script);
// Block page for 3 seconds to simulate a slow loading page
console.log('Simulate slow loading page by blocking page;');
blockPause(3000);
console.log('Page loaded');
With that, you should have your demo site set up. Click around to get a feel for it. You should notice that Pages 2 and 3 are slow to load due to artificial blocking of the main thread.
With the DevTools Console open, you can see the console logs from script.js:
You can see the blocking, the debug messages, and also that this page took 3,658 milliseconds to display its LCP thanks to the main thread being blocked by our dummy blocking function. This is a slow page thanks to dummy blocking function, but it represents a page that loads slowly for whatever reason. Let's see how to speed that up using the Speculation Rules API.
4. Add URL list speculation rules
The first speculation rule you'll add is to prerender the hardcoded list of URLs.
Duplicate the index.html document by clicking on the three dots menu that appears when hovering over the name in Glitch:
Enter a new name of page1-url-speculations.html.
Speculation rules are a JSON formatted <script> tag with type="speculationrules".
Edit the page1-url-speculations.html file and add the following code to the page. It doesn't really matter where but just before the closing body tag (</body>) is good to allow most of the rest of the page to be processed first.
<script type="speculationrules">
{
"prerender": [
{
"urls": ["page2.html", "page3.html"]
}
]
}
</script>
And that's it! That's all that's required to add instant loading to your page!
This rule says to prerender the urls page2.html and page3.html so both pages load in the background, ready for when the user clicks on either link.
5. Seeing speculation rules in action
Let's see it in action. If you load the page1-url-speculations.html page, nothing will seem to be different from the original index.html page. In the background, however, Chrome has started prerendering page2.html and page3.html. You can think of these as hidden background tabs. Once you click on the link, Chrome will swap the current page with that prerendered page. If you wait until at least 3 seconds after load and click on the links you should notice them loading instantly with an LCP of near zero!
Here you can see an LCP of 50 milliseconds—far faster than the recommended "good" threshold of 2.5 seconds and will be perceived as "instant" but most people.
Compare this with the main home page on index.html where navigating between the pages feels slow and unresponsive.
This is just a simple demo site, and the slow loading is artificial. Hopefully though, you can already see and understand the power of the API. You didn't need to alter the original page's code, you just needed to add the speculation rules to the page.
If you click before the full 3 second loading time is up, the partially loaded page will replace the current page and you will see the remaining blocking messages in the console:
Chrome finishes the loading in front of the user and here you can see a 1 second LCP—not as good as 50 milliseconds near-instant feel with a fully prerendered, but still better than the 3 seconds for a page load that was not prerendered at all. The head start still noticeably improved the page load.
6. Debugging with JavaScript
You can use JavaScript to register an event handler to fire when the page is activated.
Add the following code to the script.js file, just before the // Block page for 3 seconds to simulate a slow loading page line:
// Load when the page is activated
document.addEventListener('prerenderingchange', () => {
console.log(`The page has been activated!`);
const activationStart = Math.round(performance.getEntriesByType('navigation')[0].activationStart);
console.log(`The page was activated at: ${activationStart}`);
});
If you go back to the page1-url-speculations.html page, wait a few seconds for the page to prerender, and then click one of the links, you should see something like the following screenshot:
Here you can see the page was activated at 4,298 milliseconds after the page started loading. There was a good 4 second head start on the page load!
You can see by the order of the logs the activation event fires first, before the LCP is triggered. Altough the page would have been fully loaded by then, LCP requires a "paint" to happen—it's in the name! So although the page is prerendered in the background, no actual "paint" happens until the page is activated. Therefore there will be a small delay between activation and LCP time. In this case 128 milliseconds. Which is pretty much instant as far as the user is concerned!
You can also see that the activation time is 4,298 milliseconds in this example, but the LCP time is far shorter than that at 128 milliseconds. All timing measurements for performance metrics are based on when the page starts loading, but the web-vitals library being used to record LCP has special logic in it to subtract the activationStart time to measure the LCP as far as the user is concerned. This is also how LCP is calculated for the Chrome User Experience report (CrUX), which is what powers tools like PageSpeed Insights and the Core Web Vitals report in Google Search Console.
7. Debugging with DevTools
Console logging is certainly one way of debugging (who doesn't like a good old console.log to debug!), but Chrome has excellent support in DevTools for debugging Speculation Rules.
Return to the page1-url-speculations.html page, and open the Application panel and navigate to the Speculative loads tab under Background Services section:
This screen shows that the page itself was not speculated (top section on the right), but that it initiated two speculations. Click on the View all speculations rules link, which will show you a screen with the list of rules (there's only one on this page). More interesting, though, is the View all speculations link, which takes you to the Speculations tab:
Here you can see that two pages have been speculated, and both are Ready, which means they are prerendered and ready to activate. This doesn't mean the page has fully finished loading—as you saw previously—but that the prerender has started successfully and the page is ready to activate.
If a page fails to prerender, you can click on that line to see more details as to why the speculation failed For example, a small number of JavaScript APIs are incompatible with the prerendering, which will cancel the prerender attempt.
8. Automatic link speculation with document rules
In these speculations, a hard-coded list of URLs was used. This is useful for some circumstances where the URL(s) to speculate are known in advance. Or for more advanced cases where the URLs can be can be calculated and inserted dynamically onto the page by JavaScript.
However, it's common that it is unknown or difficult to predict what link on the page (if any!) that the visitor will click. Prerendering all the links in advance would be both tedious to have to specify on every page, and very wasteful. So what you want is for certain links on the page to be considered, but with a more definitive hint that the user is going to click on a link. Document rules allows for that.
Duplicate the index.html file again to a page1-document-speculations.html file, and this time, add the following rule—again just before the </body> closing tag if a good place.
<script type="speculationrules">
{
"prerender": [{
"where": {
"and": [
{ "href_matches": "/*" },
{ "not": {"selector_matches": ".do-not-prerender"}}
]
},
"eagerness": "moderate"
}]
}
</script>
What this says, is to prerender all same-origin links (starting with /*)—except if a class of do-not-prerender is on the <a> element. In this example, pages are prerendered with an eagerness of moderate (which we'll cover on the next page).
When you navigate to the page you should see two potential speculations and that both are Not Triggered:
Hovering over one of the links triggers the speculation:
Once you click on the link, the prerendered page will be loaded. This may feel instant if sufficient time was given to load the page, or somewhat faster if the page load did not complete by the time the link was clicked. Either way, this should lead to a better LCP time than not using speculation rules.
Document rules are a powerful way to quickly add speculative navigations to your website without having to carefully consider what URLs to prerender. They do give less time for the prerender to complete, but still provide a head start to the next navigation, and thus help to improve the future page load.
9. User eagerness to indicate when to speculate
On the previous step the "eagerness": "moderate" was used. There are 4 eagerness settings:
immediate: This is used to speculate as soon as possible—that is, as soon as the speculation rules are observed.eager: This behaves identically to theimmediatesetting, but in future, we're looking to place this somewhere betweenimmediateandmoderate.moderate: This performs speculations if you hover over a link for 200 milliseconds (or on thepointerdownevent if that is sooner, and on mobile where there is no hover event).conservative: This speculates on pointer or touch down.
The eagerness setting can be used for both URL-based list rules or where-based document rules. The immediate and eager settings typically lend themselves more to list rules since you know the URLs and therefore might as well speculate them as early as possible to get most lead time. The moderate and conservative typically are more useful for document rules where the exact URL to speculate is typically not know.
Experiment on your pages with the different eagerness settings using DevTools to see when the speculations happen.
10. Conclusion
Congratulations, you've reached the end of this Codelab and should now understand that the Speculation Rules API is a powerful API which can be added to sites with a few lines of code.
You've only just scratched the surface of the possibilities of this API in this brief introduction, but this is sufficient to add support to your website.
For more advanced topics, including considerations you may need to take into account for analytics or ads, check out the Learn more links below.
Learn more
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